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Epicarp   [ Botany ]
Synonym:
Exocarp 

Dictionary of botanic terminology - index of names

     
  The epicarp (also called exocarp) is the outermost layer of the fruit wall or pericarp which consists of three distinct or dissimilar layers. In a succulent fruit the exocarp is situated outside of the the pulpy mesocarp and of the stony inner layer (Endocarp), if any, surrounding the seed(s).  
     
The epicarp (exocarp) can be tough and leathery as in the rind of an orange or soft as in cthe skin of a cherry.
     

 


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Holdfast roots  [ Botany  ]

Dictionary of botanic terminology - index of names

 
     
  Some species of climbing plants develop holdfast roots which help to support the vines on trees, walls, and rocks. By forcing their way into minute pores and crevices, they hold the plant firmly in place.  
     
Climbing plants, like the poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), and trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans),  develop holdfast roots which help to support the vines on trees, walls, and rocks. By forcing their way into minute pores and crevices, they hold the plant firmly in place. Usually the Holdfast roots die at the end of the first season, but in some species they are perennial. In the tropics some of the large climbing plants have hold-fast roots by which they attach themselves, and long, cord-like roots that extend downward through the air and may lengthen and branch for several years until they strike the soil and become absorbent roots.

Major references and further lectures:
1) E. N. Transeau “General Botany” Discovery Publishing House, 1994
     

 

 

 

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